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A GUIDE TO WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM

  

Introduction

Bibliography:

    What is a Bibliography? 
    Rules and examples for: 
    Books 
    Encyclopedias 
    Periodicals 
    Newspapers 
    Audio-Visual Materials 
    CD ROM 
    Internet 
    Email  
    Personal Communication 
 

Intext Referencing:

    Direct Quote 
    Indirect Quote

 

Introduction: 
When writing an assignment you must acknowledge the use of other peoples' work whether it be a book, newspaper article, video, web site, or CD ROM, etc. 
This guideline is based on the Harvard System of referencing and includes: 

  Intext Referencing
  Bibliography
For any unanswered queries do not hesitate to see the library staff. 
 
 

 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 

What is a Bibliography? 
A Bibliography is a list of all material used in the preparation of your assignment. It is usually in alphabetical order of author's surname. If a resource has no author, list it in alphabetical order by the first 3 letters of the title, ignoring the words A, and The at the beginning of a title.  

Indent the second or third line (if any) by five spaces. 

Page numbers:
p.   for one page
pp. for multiple pages
 

HINTS: Remember to write down the bibliographic details of a resource as you use it. Don't wait until the end of the assignment, when you have returned some of the resources, and think 'which book did I use? Where is it?' 
 
Rules and examples for citing different materials:  

Books 

  Author's surname, author's first name or initials
  Publication date - in brackets
  Title - underlined.
  Publisher : Place of publication.
    Author - one 
    Denning, A. (1994) The craft of woodcarving. Sandstone : London. 

    Authors - multiple 
    Yarwood, P., White, P. & West, L. (1997) Design and communication. Hodder : New York. 

    Edited work 
    Smith, T. ed. (1989) Cooking. 2nd ed. Helm : Melbourne. 

    No author 
    Artists in the news (1996) Prion : New York. 

    Government publication 
    Australian Bureau of Statistics 1994, Health Australia. Cat. No. 883.0. ABS : Canberra. 

    Government report 
    Commission of Inquiry into Homelessness (1998) Homelessness in Australia. First Main Report  
         (S.A. Allan, Chairman). AGPS : Canberra. 
 

Encyclopedia or article in a multi-volume book 
  'Title of article'
  Publication date - in brackets
  Title of encyclopedia - underlined,
  Volume,
  Publisher : Place of publication,
  Page number.
    'Minerals in Australia' (1996) The World Book encyclopedia, vol. 6, World Book : Sydney, p. 308. 
 
Periodicals 
  Author
  Publication date - in brackets
  'Title of article',
  Title of periodical - underlined,
  Volume,
  Number,
  Page number.
    Author 
    Johnson, S. (1996) 'Cloning', New Scientist, vol. 161, no. 2134, pp. 42-46. 

    No volume or number 
    Besley, T. (1996) 'Diabetes', Health Australia, May, pp. 36-39. 

    No author 
    'Efficient low cost solar energy' (1993) Search, vol. 25, p. 309. 

    Pamphlet 
    A risky business (1998) Alcohol Committee of New South Wales : Sydney. 
 

Newspapers (For articles from The Age CD ROM and Herald Sun CD ROM see CD ROM)  
      Author
      Publication date - in brackets
      'Title of article',
      Title of newspaper - underlined,
      Date,
      Page number.
     Shaw, Peter (1996) 'Mining shares drop', The Age, 31 August, p. 1. 
 
Audio Visual Materials 
  Title - underlined
  Publication date - in brackets 
  [Name of media]
  Publisher : Place of publication.
Videocassette 
    Diet and health (1997) [Videocassette] Classroom Videos : Melbourne. 

Television program 
    Euthanasia (1998) Viewed: 9 Aug. 1999, ABC Television. 

Soundcassette 
    Williamson, C. (1989) Prairie fire [Audiocassette] Olivia Records : California. 
 

CD ROM  
  'Title of article'
  Publication date - in brackets
  Title of encyclopedia - underlined
  [CD ROM]
  Publisher : Place of publication.
     'Julius Caesar' (1998) Encarta 98 [CD ROM] Microsoft : New York. 

    The Age/Herald Sun CD ROM 

  Author
  Publication date - in brackets
  'Title of article',
  Title of newspaper - underlined,
  Date,
  Page number.
  [CD ROM].
     Fitzgerald, K. (1998) 'Kangaroo culling', The Age, 1 April, p. 5. [CD ROM]. 
 

Internet 

Please note that material available on the Internet varies greatly in its quality and accuracy, therefore students should always carefully evaluate the material. 

  Author (if available)
  Publication date - in brackets
  'Title of article'
  [Online].
  Title of site - underlined
  Available: full URL 
  [Access date].
     Author 
     Fox, T. (1998) 'How to grow roses' [Online]. Gardenbed. 
          Available: http://www.gardenbed.com.au.html  [Accessed 12 August 1998]. 

     No author and no date 
     'Gun laws : the gun debate' [n.d. Online]. Gun Control. 
          Available: http://www.gun.vic.gov.au.html  [Accessed 23 August 1999]. 
 

Email : Personal and Listserv  
  Author of email (if known)
  Publication date - in brackets
  'Subject of email', (available from the subject line)
  E-mail to recipient's name
  [Online]
  Available E-mail: recipient's email address or address of listserv
  [Access date].
Doe J. (1999) 'Censorship and the Internet', E-mail to J Citizen [Online] 
     Available E-mail: jcitizen@topmail.com.au [Accessed 12 August 1999]. 
 
Personal Communication  
Forms of personal communication include consultation personally with someone by letter, telephone, fax or interview. You do not have to include these in your bibliography but you must include a reference to your source whilst writing your assignment (intext referencing). 

Examples: 

Whilst talking to Mr Shiffer on the 20th August 1997 it became apparent that............. 

In an interview given (Shiffer, M. 1997, pers. communication, 20th August) it was stated that.............. 
 
 

The following manuals were consulted in the preparation of this guide: 

 LaTrobe University, Bendigo (1999) Assignment manual.11th ed. LaTrobe University : Bendigo, Vic. 

Jeffs, R. & Rocard, P. (1999) Bibliographic style guide. Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School : Melbourne. 

John Paul College (1999) Guidelines for referencing and bibliographies. 6th ed. John Paul College : Frankston, Vic. 

'Harvard referencing' [n.d. Online] Curtin's gateway to scholary information : library & information service. 
     Available : http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/library/findinfo/handouts/harvard.html [Accessed 25 May 1999]. 

INTEXT REFERENCING 

If you use a direct quote or paraphrase (indirect quote) the words of an author you must acknowledge that you are using someone else's ideas. 

Follow these steps when using a direct quote or paraphrasing: 

  Name the author you are quoting or paraphrasing
  Date of publication
  Page number if appropriate
Direct Quotes are written exactly as they appear in the work, in inverted commas: 
"It is well known that schizophrenia is inherited. Children of schizophrenic parents are more likely to develop this psychosis than are children of nonschizophrenic parents." (Yussen, 1988, p. 90) 

Short quotes (less than 30 words) should be incorporated into your sentence. 
Long quotes (more than 30 words) should be indented. 

Indirect Quotes do not require "inverted commas" because you are not quoting directly; you are summarising or paraphrasing the ideas into your own words: 
    Yussen (1988, p. 90) states that children of schizophrenic parents are more likely to inherit schizophrenia than children of nonshizophrenic parents.